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ln 1M9 the first smelters of the Canadian Copper Company were built by Dr. Peters and the nickel industry of Catiada was definitely established. During the thirteen years which have elapsed since that time. new uses have been found for the nickel pro- duced, and with growth in consump- tion the production has increued un- til at the present time the Candi“: COpper Company alone is producing ovu- a million pound. of nickei every month, and some 1500 not find em. ployment, where-but a low you. tatâ€"none but the India: or the hunter could gather the bare necessi- ties of life. It was not long before the news of this find had aroused the interests of English and American capitalists. A group of Ohio men. Judge Stevenson Burk, and Senator ll. B. Payne. Mr. H. P. McIntosh, Mr. Thomas Cornell and others, after a thorough eXplora- tion of the ground. purchased a large block of land in the vicinity of Sud- bury, and organized a Canadian Cop- per Company, with a capital of $2,500- 000. in ’86 this company commenced work at the Copper Clifi Mine. The ground was then covered with a dense forest of underbrush which had to be cleared away to form a site for the shaft house and ore bins. The first building in Copper,Clifi'. a long log cabin. is still standing to the south of the road where it crosses the creek near the Copper Cllfl Mine. In 1886 just one thousand and forty tons oi ore were raised; a striking contrast to the present production of over a thousand tons a day. The difficulties of Operation in this new country were enormous, and the first two or three years were occupied more with road making. building of houses. lay- ing mu wrestles and hauling supplies than in the aetual work of mining and shipping ore. In 1886, however. the COppe-r Cliff. Evans and Stobie Mines were opened up and the depos- its at Clara Belle, Lady McDonald and at other outcrops had been un- covered. In order to understand the reason why the nickel industry has grown, we must touch lightly upon the uses which are made of that metal in com- merce. Nickel, as we all know, is a silver white metal which does not. rust Or hlacken with exposure, it is atom. as heavy as copper, as soft as iron and as tough as tempered steel. The first use to which nickel was found adapted was as a coating over articles of iron or brass. which coat- ing is known as nickel plating. This coating is only a few thousandths of .- inch in thickness, and while it l _--‘._--A :A- -..--“A A. -“AAA,-_i _, ty the throngs of ruddy. well clad children who pour from the school- houses and rush sliding down the snow-clad bills with the abandon of health and happiness. Could one of the reporters whose pen. has this winter depicted the conditions of the ‘coal miners of the States visit the ; nickel mines of the Sudbury region, - the world would learn that the condi- Qticns of the two industries are not i for a moment to be compared.. ; The Canadian Copper Company *employs 500 men at its mines, 700 linen at its smelters. and300 men in Old Judge McNaughton. whom; many of our readers will remember, f was then acting as Stipendiary Mam? istrate in the village of Sudbury. l The judge was lost one day. in one of l his rambles in the woods, and the, town turned out en masse to search 5 for him. When at last Ur. Howie, who led the pary, came across him, 7 the old gentleman was resting on a, rocky knoll, some three miles west of ; town. examining with great. interest: a. peculiar Speckled mineral he hadi broken out of the black stone. This was the first fragment of nickel ore mined in Ontario. In the mythOIOgy’ of Canada, the wanderings of Ulysses are replaced by the wanderings of Judge McNaughton and the uis covet-y of the Murray Mine. = Nearly a hundred years passsed bvlore the secret was discovered and these ores were lonnd to contain not copper, but two new metals. to which the old names were given, namely, "Cobalt” and "hickol." It is a long cry from these mines in Helsingland to the forests of Nor- thern Ontario in the year 1882, but the track of industry never follows the beaten road. In that year, a lit- tle cluster of log houses marked the junction of the main line of the Can- adian Pacific with the branch line which ran to the harbor at Algoma Mills. Around the village were dense forests, barren rocks and wide beaver meadows; while its existence depended entirely upon the railway which was being built to the western coast. So the mines were abandoned, but the name "Old Nick’s Copper,” or *‘Kupfer Nickel” stuck to the oreâ€"a coppery-looking mineralâ€"so bewitch- ed that no copper could be smelted out o! it. Another ore, very much like this. was apparently also be- witched. Kobold ore. the miners called it after the little kobolds or gmomes who could be heard driving their picks and pounding on their drills in the lowest levels of the mines Back in the good old days when witches, goblins and gnomes were very real and the devil tool: an active interest in the most minute aflairs of human life, there was trouble in one of the little mining towns in an out of the way corner of Germany. The trouble was beyond all explanation, here was the are coming from the mine. apparently as good quality as any copper ore in the country. and. yet. try as they might, the furnace {9 men could get no copper out of it.| Everything was unchanged; the same ' methods. the same furnaces. the 5 same mines which had produced good copper ore for years and yet, every- thing was at a standstill. Clearly i the ore was bewitched. the devil had . a hand in it This “Old Nicks Cop- per,” or ”Kupfer Nickel.” as thef Germans called the ore. was to blame . for all the trouble. Its History and Industry. COPPER CLIFF." Forms it; purpose of (From the Copper Clifl Courier.) vvr 1 the5 Bad the Sudhury mines no other lame outlet but these, the industry would never have become of national or even of local importance. It remain- ed for an English steel maker, Mr. eâ€"a- J-ames Riley,g to discover the great tch- . usefulness of nickel when mixed with lte (1 steel. In 1889 this manufacturer inch showed that the addition of three be-' per cent of nickel to soft steel pro- duced a metal nearly twice the strength of eommon steel, while at :the same time the metal attained an extraordinary toughness. His pam- phlet. read before the Iron and Steel :Institute in May 1889 the year the first smelters were atarted in Copper ssed Clifi. opened the way for a large out- and put of metal and proved the founda- {IO‘Ition of this great industry which “Ch means so much to the province of sly, [Ontario. but 'or‘ ners I or ring heir the To revert now to the company rwhich has built up this industry. The Canadian Copper Company com- 'menced in 1889 to smeli their ores and to ship matte to the American .and English markets. For a few i years the struggle was all uphill. In ' 189:2. however, a contract was made with the Orl’ord Copper Company. of New York, to supply nickel for the United States Government, which was then expenimenting with nickel ,steel armor plate. Since that date these two firms have’worked in har- .mony, the one mining the ore and making it into matte which contains about one-quarter of its weight of nickel, and the other refining this pro- duct into metailic nickel, The refin- ing of nickel. separating it from cop- per. sulphur and iron is one of the .most intricate problems of modern metallurgy. It requires comparative- ly little labor. but an immense amount of coal, coke and chemi- cals. none of which are produced in} Ontario. and hence the best interests of the industry are served by bring- ing the matte to as high a percentage as passible‘ in Canada and sending the material toa point where the coke and chemicals can be cheaply ob- tained. In order to do as much of, this refining as possible in Canada, the ()rford COpper Company built. in 1889, a factory known as the Ontario Smelting Works at Copper Clifi. Here the crude matte is ground and roasted to remove the sulphur, and then resmelted into a high-grade matte carrying about 80 per cent. metal, in which shape it is shipped to New York. ; Almost at once the use of nickel steel was taken up by the steel mak- ers of the world. Armour plate for } war vessels was the first use to which 3 the new alloy was turned, and in a ?few years the great navies of Eng- land, France. Russia and Japan were ' clad in this wonderful metal. Its use ,in guns and rifles followed, and grad. ually it has come to be used in all cases where great strength and tough mass are required. The arts of war "are, however, a precarious basis for E a great industry. It remained for ; the last year to show the usefulness ‘ of nickel steel in a position indepen- ‘ dent of international strife and nec- essary to our world commerce, name- ,ly, as a material for railway iron. f'l‘his use, so lately developed, prev ’ mises to be the largest outlet for the ' product of the Sudbury mines. A. visit to one of these nickel mines is an entirely diflerent thing from an adventure into the coal mines of Pennsylvania, of which we beve late. ly heard so many revelaoions. In- stead of halfosterved children. slat- :ernly women, drunken men. and miserable houses. we will find clean .md comfortable homes; men working under safe and healthy condition. for wages whose sufficiency is atteSted ty the throngs of ruddy, well clad children who pour from the school- houses and rush sliding down the snow-clad hills with the abandon of health and hsppiness. Could one of the reporters whose pen. has this winter depicted the conditions of the coal miners of the States visit the nickel mines of the Sndbnry region. the world would learn that the condi- tions of the two industries are not for s moment to be compsred.. There are at present {our of the Canadian Copper Company’s mines in operation. The ore is dug, as a rule, from immense quarries. open to the air. These quarries are in some cases two hundred feet in depth. Below these open pits a regular system of underground mining has been devel- oped. The ore is broken by power drills and dynamite; horsted to rock- house; crushed to small size and sent to the roast yard by trains of flat cars. A third use to is in the manufac- ture of coins, The five cent pieces in use in the United States consist of three parts copper and one part nick- el. A very few tons of nickel will supply a very large number of these pieces. and this market is like the two others, a very limited one. i The second application is in the manufacture of German Silver from which alloy most of our cheap table- ware. knives, forks and spoons are , made. The base of this 18 a mixture ‘of about sixty parts copper, twenty parts zinc and twenty parts nickel. Articles fashioned of this alloy are then given a coating of silver and are ready for the market. This outlet‘ helps the production but measured in proportion to the output of the mines, production for this is very small. I g dent that it does not alord a market 3 for any very large output of metallic .‘ nickel While nickel plating was the , chief use of the metal. the production i was of necessity small. Other out. in e school- In view of the Spirit of consolidao lown the tion which has become so prominent vandon 0‘ during the last few years, it was in- 1‘1 one 9‘ evituble that the nickel business has ””5 should undergo the same process of ms 9‘ the unification of interest. There have "9“ .‘he been for many years two great 9 ”3“”? sources of nickel ore, the Sudhury the ““6“ mines and the mines of new Caledon- | are DO} is. This latter place, one of the 3d,. greet chein of islands which stretches Company from the Philippines toward New ines, 700 Zeslnnd, the. long been known to )0 men in PM“ ._ hilt... There ‘78 on ”tuna. mains ‘ “posits of nickel Frosting the hospital is the main screen of Copper Ulifl. Here are jewellery stores. clothing houses. tailors, groceries. millinere. meat markets. hardware stores, harbor shops. boarding-housesâ€"-every branch of trade except the saloon finds here its representatives uy precept auu example the “ ‘ ' i The WW“ 0‘ hopper Chg spreads house-owners have been encouraged over more area than its population to build neatly and to pay more at- would seem to warrant. It 18 seat- . . . . tention to the fitnxss of surroundin vs tered in all directions. owmg to the ‘ h . . . . '1 than in the past. Too much cannot difficulty Of finding good building be said in praise of this eflort. Paint sites among the rocky hills which . . . is as good a preservative as it is an . The busmessI . press m on all Sides ° ornament. and we hOpe that in a few , ‘ . is situated centtre, 317:? 80556le Cliff mine years we may be able to bcast as 1’3 nor 0 e pp ' much of our architure as we now do Here at one end of the street stands of our industry. the General Hospital. a magnificent . structure erected in 1902 at a cost of Our POPUIMIOII has 0‘ late been $30,000. This hospital, as shown in augmented by a foreign element. the engraving. is modelled in the Many immigrantsl‘rom ItalyiPOIRDd, Swiss style, and with its wide verano Sweden and Finland, attracted by dad and ov.rhanging eaves faring a our Opportunities. have settled here. very agreeable contrast to the strictly , ““1 “‘0 becoming 300d Citizens. utilitarian aspect of its surroundings. Of minor industries we have our This hospital contains a large publicshare also. To the outer man, our ward. holding twelve beds. besides'tailors, our clothiers and milliners six private wards for those who wish appeal with success and profit. and to afford thelnxury ol separate ac- to our inner man our bakers and commodations. There is provided butchers cater with equal plaasure, every necessity in the shape of dis- . while to our reading and advertising pensary, waiting-roorns,dining-rooms public The COppe? Clilf Courier ofi'ers laundry, disinfecting room, operat- its services and its congratulations ing room. quarters for the nurses and 3 in this its anniversary edition. resident physicianâ€"in short. every‘ , ,_‘....H __ luxury which skill on devise and, BOY wanted to loam printing, money cusprocure has been placed§ ‘l t u, Oflice. at the disposal of those whom acci. app y a _”3 dent or sickness has overtaken. A FEW nice houses and lots in Dar- The scene at the smelters is. par- ticularly at night, a weird and at- tractive one Above, the moving figures of the wheelers and shovellers show a ghastly yellow in the blue flame of the furnace into which the ore is thrown while just below them the darkness is broken by the white, hot lines of slap; falling hissing into the water jet and dying into black ness as it passes down the stream. Then a leather-aproned figure ap- proaches. and you hear the tap of hammer on steel as he drives his bar into the furnace. and as he withdraws it a jet of red light flashes out as the matte pours sparkling into the pots Across the yard the wheelers push the pots and pour the metal out upon the ground in a glowing pool of red. 80 the work goes on day after day, feeding in the ore and tapping out. the metal a hundred tons a day month after month. No wonder the dwellers in this far north are inter- ested in the prosperity of the Sudbury nickel industry. From the man heaps the ore passes to the furnaces. The east smelter. where the first furnaces were built, was soon outgrown, and in 1900 the west smelter, containing eight furu- aces. was started. These clouds of white smoke rolling over the country are to a stranger a source of wonder and mystery. How can the peeple live amid such fumes? is often asked. The prevailing winds, however. carry the smoke away to the north, and when an occasional breeze brings it across the town it is so di- luted that but little discomfort is experienced. Moreover. as is well known, sulphur smoke is an excellent disinfectant, and to this in great part is due the excellent health which prevails. The ore. broken in the rockhouse to small fragments. is dropped into flat cars and hauled from the mines to roast yards at Copper CliE. Here the ore is spread over beds of cord- wood and made into piles, about 60 feet wide and 120 feet long by 6 or 8 feet high. When the cordwood is lit the ore catches fire, and, being smoth- ered by the fine ore spread over the heap. it continues glowing and send- inguofi clouds of sulphur smoke for about nine months if left untouched. As a rule it is allowed to burn three or four months, when the oreâ€"now charred to the semblance of coal clinkersâ€" is broken down and loaded on cars to be sent to the smelters. Let us follow the ore from the mine to the finished product. and note the gal-ions etepe of its prowess. 1' The town of Copper Clifi has 3,000 inhabitants. By supplying the nec- essary materials at cost the company . has made it possible for its employees to own their own homes. Another policy, and one which has contributed much to the happiness of the town of .Copper Clifl. is the prohibition of the 'sale of intoxicating liquors. A visit- or from one of the western mining camps recently visited Copper Clifi. As he looked north'from the oflice, “ What.” said he, “ is that fine build- Hug on the top of the hill ?” “That.” ‘ said hisinformant, " is the Methodist : :church.” “ How many churches: ‘ have you?” asked the westerner. § " Five,” was the reply. “ And howl many dance halls and saloons have‘ you ?” “ None l” “ Well,” said the I American, “in our camp we have T five dance halls and no churches.” _‘ There is no moral to this. It simply ,9 shows the conditions which explain! the prosperity of the town of Capperl Clifl. i thousand dollars. per month, and in the various industries which depend upon the mining nnd smelting of the ores. some 2,000 people find means of support. Direct; importers from European American and Canadian quarries Latent Design In Markers. Headstones Meanwhile the town is losing much i of its pristine appearance as a mining camp, and assuming an air of greater ydignity. To Mr. A. P. Turner. the president of the Canadian Copper (30., ‘ is due much of this noticeable change. - Under his guidance the streets have been graded and provided with side- walks; creeks which Wandered at ‘ will in the lowlands have been con- fined between neat retaining walls. and by precept and example the house-owners have been encouraged to build neatly and to pay more at- tention to the fitness of surroundings ithan in the past. Too much cannot be said in praise of this efl'ort. Paint‘ is as good a preservative as it is an ornament and we hOpe that in a few years we may be able to bcast 118' much of our architure as we now do of our industry. l A 1?ch nice houses and lots in Dur- hsm. and a few farms the must be sold. Arthur H. Jackson, Dur- harmâ€"4 DURHAM MARBLE GRANITE All work warranted. Orders “ken by Messrs. Barclay Bell. Our population has of late been augmented by a foreign element. Many immigrants from Italy, Poland, Sweden and Finland, attracted by our opportunities. have settled here. and are becoming good citizens. . Besides the purchase of the con- trolling interest in the three Ameri- can and Canadian organizations, the International Nickel Company has also obtained a large area of nickel lands in New Caledonia. near the property owned by the. French Societe le Nickel. In so doing they have placed themselves on an equal footing with their competitors. and are now ibringing from this island the soft couper-free ores which are best adapt- ed for the manufacture of nickel Steel. The organization is, there- fore. Ena position to carry on this manufacture of nickel, even if all the Sudbury deposits should be exhaust~ ted. Fortunately for Copper Clifl', we have reason to believe this period is yet far in the future. l i From the year 1886 to 1902, a per- ;iod of sixteen years. the Canadian lCopper Company was an independent gorganization. The market for its ‘ produce, had. however. changed, and during the last few years the steel manufacturers had come to consume 9 the major portion of the nickel pro- lduced. 1n the spring of 1902 agroup [of capitalists. organizing in New onrk as “The International Nickel lCompany,” purchased a controlling linterest in the three concerns which iproduce nickel in the United States 'and Canada, viz., the Canadian Cop-l iper Company, the Orford Capper, :Company of New York and the‘ { American Nickel Works of Philadel- phia. These capitalists who formed the International Nickel Company are ialso very largely interested in the manufacture of steel, and in forming. their organization were careful to| intrust the management of their in- terests to men who had shown re- markable ability in the manufacture of nickel steel. As the steel-makerl is destined to be the largest consumer, of nickel, it is very fortunate that the President of the International' Nickel Company. Mr. Ambrose Mon-l ell. and its Vice-President, Mr. E. F. Wood, are men who by sheer force of ability and character have risen to » the highest positions in the Carnegie Steel Company. Under their control the organization of the individual companies remains as before. but into each company is infused a new life and vigor. and into the processes of manufacture will be brought the. courage and skill and application of: modern methods and the inventive ingenuity which has made the Car- negie Steel Company what it is. Thel nickel industry, under such propit-l ions auspices, is destined to a largeri growth and a greater activity than: it has ever before realized. l wonxs. Opposite Middangh Home Stables. [be dug out by steam shovels, and which contains about 6 per cent. of nickel. The Sudbury ores carry about 3 per cent. nickel and2 per, cent. copper. which latter metal is entirely absent from the new Cale- 'donia ores. Owing to the absence of cooper the New Caledonia. ores are much better adapted for the purpose of making steel, since copper is as‘ harmful to the steel as nickel is hen-i eficial. These ores have for the last forty years been worked by a French company, the Societe le Nickel, and as they employed French convicts, whose labor cost but a few cents a day, they were able to produce nickel at a price much below that at which it could be turned out at the Sudbury mines. ROBUSON CORBETT, - AND - MT. Fall Wheat .......... 8 66 Spring Wheat ........ 65 Oats 28 Peas 66 Barley ............... 40 Hay ................ . 6 00 Butter. .............. 14 Eggs ................. 10 Apples ............... 7:") Potatoes per bag ...... 90 Plant per cwt ........ l 90 Oatmeal per sack. 2 4O Chop per cwt ........ 1 10 Live Hogs .......... . 6 10 Dressed Hogs per cwt. 7 75 Hides per lb ........ 5 Sheepskins ........... 4O \Vool .............. . 14 Lamb .............. 7 'l‘allow ............. f) Lard ................ 10 Clover Seed ...... ... S 00 Timothy Seed ........ :2 00 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to JNO. A. DARLING 'â€"- wu- Ir Hun-V.“ you want for La Grippe. Will cure speedily and if taken in time prevents. Our Grip Tablets Used once will always be in the house. Is the efiect of our Imperial Cough SYrup upon the tired lungs and sch- ing breastâ€"it store the tickling in the throat, the cough that racks the chest, brings grateful sleep, aids sp- petite, renews health and vigor. What a benefit for so smell 0. price! Large size for 25c. !Darling’s . . AS SOOTHING AS A MOTHER’S TOUCH NEW HATS AND BONNETS. NEW SHAPES AND TRIMMINGS, NEW RIBBONS, LACES AND FLOWERS. J AS. IRELAND LADIES’ SKIRTS, gray homespun, stitched scams and around bottom, $3.50. SKIRTS of gray homespun. seams strapped and trimmed with black cloth, stitching nround bottom $4.50. SKIRTS in black homespun. panel front, trimmed with stitching and tufi'eta silk $4.75. SKIRTS in splendid quality black homespun. panel front, with three deep tucks on each side, trimmed with buttons. simu- lated yoke and graduated flounce of stitching, special $5.77». Stylish Hillinery for All. £1 per sack. 2 40 Mar cwt ........ 1 10 [05:8 .......... . 6 10 The People’s Druggist. Market Report. DURHAM. APRIL 15, We Want Your Butter and Eggs. TASTE IS FOREVER OPEN to the pleasure of line millinery. It is to tune that this millino ery stock appeals. We are showing the latest styles in DRUG STORE THE PLACE - - MIDLMV‘B OLD JUNO. 66 to 8 65 to 28 to 66 to 40 to Are what 7 00 16 11 6 4O 10 66 66 28 66 IF YOU HAVE NOT been a mgulur customer at our store we want to make you so if squnre and honest dealings will do it. 'We want your trade. We will use you right. The Woodenware department is composed of Fancy Work Bu- kets. Clothes Baskets. Waste Paper Baskets, 'Lunch Baskets. Market Baskets. Root Baskets, Clothes Wringers, dilferent kinds of Clothes Racks. \Vooden Pails, Fibre l'ails. diflerent kinds of Mops, several kinds of Floor Mats. Tube Curtain Poles. Pil- low Sham Holders. Carpet Stret- chers and Tuckers. Cliurns and Wheelbarrow-s. The Harness Room it well filled with Light and Heavy. Single and Double Harness. Plow Harness. Trace Chains. Sweat Pads. Robes. Rugs. Dusters. Lap Rubbers. Vt’hips. Gall Cure and Stock Food that cannot be equalled any place. \Ve handle the world renowned National Portland Cement, Mc- Cormick Binder Twine, Genuine Scranton Coal.and will be pleased to book your orders. The Hardware department is al- ways stocked with the BEST of everything. A good assort- ment of Shell and Heavy Hard- ware, Nails, Pocket and Table Cutlery, Harvest Tools, Spades, Shovels. Glass, Sherwin-Wil- liaml Mixed Paints, etc. Our prices are right. All kinds of Wire and Field Fencing. The S vet-ware depart- ment is ack ledged by competent judges to contain a good variety at prices that cannot be beaten any place. All the goods stamped “ W. Black” are of excellent wearing quality. Call and examine. The Tinware department is al- ways stocked with all the latest improved Kitchen Utensils of superior quality. Water Pails. Milking Pails, Strainer Pails, Galvanized Iron Pails and 'l‘ubs. Tin and Copper Boilers. Woodenware Dept. Hardware Dept. Our Sixth Anniversary. W. Black It is now six yesrs since thin business wss tsken under the present msnagement. I there. fore beg on this occasion to thsnk my numerous customers and friends for their libersl pstronsge in the psst and be- spesk for s continuance of the same in the future Hardware